The concept of conscience has had a special place in the development of the history of Western cultures. This position can be considered both in the general culture of these societies and in terms of the effects, it has had on the concept of modern ‘natural law’. The importance of this concept can be seen in the philosophies of ancient Greece to the centrality that is given to it in contemporary intellectual discourse. Conscience is a major topic in Western philosophy, but it also has an important place in literature; it has been considered a key concept in modern law. In this tradition, the conscience has been a moment of individual development, a moment of disobedience to norm, and a moment of creativity and imagination. In the modern Kurdish culture, this and similar concepts are weakened their traditional cultural and social status. However, this forgetfulness is also seen in the world of Kurdish intellectuals. Ahmad Mukhtar Jaf’s novelette, The Question of Conscience, by taking into consideration the standards of «the history of ideas», is one of those precious opportunities that can be considered from several perspectives. The years of writing this book are valuable testimony to the intellectual and cultural changes that the Kurdish community has undergone. However, this story expresses a different perspective on how conscience must be understood. Ahmad Mokhtar attempts to demonstrate how conscience needs a suitable social context for growth, and how in the absence of such a context, conscience may be forgotten.

    AbstractPurpose: Examining the rearmament of the Jaf Javanrud's Jaf tribes in 1320 SH/1941 AD, their refusal to disarm during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, and the reasons for their disarmament by the central government in 1334 SH/1955 AD.Method and Research Design: This research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner, relying on primary sources such as published documents, interviews, and library resources.Findings and Conclusion: The findings of this research show that the Javanrud'sJaf tribes, due to the armed nature of Iranian and Iraqi tribes in proximity and fear of encroachment and looting of their territories by these tribes, was unwilling to accept disarmament. The central government, as the leaders of this tribe had repossessed their agricultural fields and former grazing lands, and were levying customs duties on imports and exports of goods in their border regions with Iraq, ultimately leading to their autonomy, decided to disarm this tribe. [1]. Ph.D. Student, Islamic History, Department of History, Faculty of Literature & Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Irankayomarth1353@gmail.com[2].  Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature & Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran, (Corresponding author)mdehqannejad@yahoo.com [3] . Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature & Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iranm.nouraei@ltr.ui.ac.irCopyright © 2024, NLAI (National Library & Archives of I. R. Iran). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits others to download this work, share it with others and adapt the material for any purpose. 

Messianic ideology of the rise of a saviour at the end of the world, is common the Shiites and Ahlu-al Sunnah. Although the two groups interpret the intention of the word Mahdi differently, as the Imam Mahdi the descendent of the Prophet or Mahdi, as a person who is rightly guided and saves people. Based on this idea, some people in Islamic history have caused deviations by engaging the attention of the Muslim community for some time by claiming to be Mahdi or attributing messianic features to some other person. Shahid Motahari believes that Mokhtar Thaghafi is a historical figure that claimed Mohammad Ebn Hanafieh (the son of Amir-al Momenin Ali) is in fact Mahdi and himself is his deputy in charge and has attracted a lot of support from the people by employing this method.The present article provides a critical review of the above claim by referring to the historical, anecdotal, translations, figures and the use of the word Mahdi in the Hadith literature as well as an exploration of the beliefs of Mokhtar, disclaiming Imamate by Muhammad ibn Hanafieh, support and the authorization of Mokhtar by the Shiite Imams and approval of all this by the Islamic scholars. The article concludes that the aforementioned claim has no scientific backing and is an illusion. In addition to that, Shahid Motahari has not filed a proof for his claim and that a detailed documentation is explained in this article.

This article offers a multi-layered analytical-conceptual model for understanding multi-resource economies in nomadic, pastoral, and peasant contexts, based on ethnographic research conducted in the Javanrud region. Contrary to classical approaches that seek to identify a dominant mode of subsistence, the study demonstrates that livelihoods in these societies are dynamically organized across primary, supplementary, and situational resources. These resources are shaped not only by economic function but also through their interrelations with status hierarchies, ecology, kinship structures, and politic dynamics. Drawing on historical ethnography and oral narratives collected through individual and group interviews with elders from 22 villages, the article advances a theoretical framework that moves beyond conventional dichotomies such as pastoralist/peasant, production/consumption, and state/tribe. The proposed model accounts for the flexible and contextual logic of resource use, reframing Nomadic Pastoralism as adaptive strategies rather than static societal types. Nomadic Pastoralism is analyzed as a form of socio-economic organization wherein resources are inherently situational, mobile, and embedded in specific social and environmental conditions. Ultimately, this framework provides a nuanced tool for analyzing livelihoods within diverse historical and social contexts, offering insights into the inner logic of subsistence economies, the structural fluidity of resources, and their entanglement with power, ecology and gender.

The Asmari Formation with a thickness of 294m located at the north of Mokhtar Anticline 5 km northwest Yasuj. This formation was studied from biostratigrarphy, microfacies and sedimentary environment point of view. Study of benthic foraminifera led to recognition of 31 genera and 20 species.Based on the distribution of foraminifera, three assemblage zones were identified. The Late Oligocene (Chattian) - Early Miocene (Aquitanian-Burdigalian) is suggested for the Asmari Formation at the study area. Based on laboratory studies, 9 microfacies related to 3 subenvironments (lagoon, bar and open marine) were identified. This study revealed that, the Asmari Formation deposited on an homoclinal epicontinental carbonate ramp.

We can't define religious cinema just based on content and without its form. So the script form is an important element in designing a religious script as far as some movies in religious cinema became anti-religion movies because of their weakness in form. Script that fails to reach the correct form, is incomplete in expressing the content. So at first, the script should has the right form. Studying some movies to reach a right form in religious and secular script is a good way for making a right form for a religious script.The main constituent examined in this study and its viewpoint to study the elements of religious and secular script is based on actantal model and hero's journey pattern. a Systematic structure by making hero and anti- hero and their contrast in the process of developing the plot in religious script and how to design them in TV series like Game of Thrones and Mokhtar Nameh has been studied and their results are presented.

Assessing the variation of different soil properties through the land use changes may provide useful information for land managers. The present study aimed to assess the soil quality variation due to the land use changes from dense (non-degraded) to semi-dense (degraded) oak forest and then to dry-farming in Mokhtar plain located in Yasouj region. A total number of 100 surface soil samples were collected in order to analyses of the selected physicochemical soil properties. After statistical analyses, the continuous distribution maps were prepared for all soil variables using ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighting methods in ArcGIS software (ver. 10. 2; ESRI). Analyses of the average values of selected soil properties showed that after changing the land use from dense to the degraded oak forest and then to dry-farming, organic matter and CEC changed in a decreasing trend and bulk density changed in an increasing trend. Moreover, electrical conductivity, carbonate calcium equivalent and clay percentage decreased in lower contents; whereas soil pH and sand percentage inconsiderably increased. Among the soil properties, organic matter content as one of the most important soil quality indices showed a significant change with an average of 6. 74%, 3. 42% and 1. 58% in dense forest, degraded forest, and dry-farming lands, respectively. Supporting these findings, spatial distribution maps of the selected properties revealed that the most optimum soil properties were found in the southwest of the studied area, i. e. in the soils covered with dense oak forest; whereas increasing distance to the dry-farming lands in the northeast of the area, the selected soil properties were adversely changed. According to these findings, it can be stated that wide deforesting and land use change have been led to the considerable soil quality decline and therefore if deforesting will not be stopped a huge portion of the studied soils may lose their vital capabilities.

Several physiological problems such as abscission of inflorescence buds and fruit, incidence of blank, non-split and deformed nuts leads to diminishing yield of pistachio trees. The aim of this research was to study the effect of exogenous application of arginine on physiological disorders and yield of ‘Ahmad-Aghaei’ pistachio. Experiment was performed in a factorial randomized completely block design with 3 concentrations of arginine treatments (0, 0.5, and 1 mM) and at two separate times, one week before and five weeks after full bloom in a commercial orchard. Results showed that the positive effects of arginine were greatly depending on the time and concentrations of arginine applied. Arginine 0.5 mM decreased the bud and fruit abscission, non-split, and blank nuts effectively while it increased the split percentage, fresh weight, and yield of pistachio trees. Exogenous application of arginine had no significant effect on diameter growth and total soluble sugar content. The results of this study showed for the first time that arginine application directly or indirectly could reduce the physiological disorders in pistachio trees.

Introduction Global observations have confirmed that in recent decades, forests have been converted into agricultural land at a swift pace,this is a major global concern. Forests around the world have also experienced severe disturbances due to other anthropogenic activities. The conversion of forests to cropland often results in soil degradation. Slope gradient and land use change are known to influence soil quality,therefore, the assessment of soil quality is important in determining sustainable land-use and soil-management practices. Magnetic susceptibility (χ, lf) measurements are widely used to study soil-forming processes. Many efforts have been made to correlate soil magnetic susceptibility with different soil properties, such as topography, parent material, Fe oxide forms, etc. The Yasouj area of Kohgilouye Province is one of the most densely forested areas in Zagros mountainous region. Parts of the area have been cultivated to feed the growing population, which has led to forest degradation. The objectives of this study were to assess some soil properties focusing on soil χ, lf and Fe-oxides forms in different land uses and slope positions. Materials and Methods Forty soil samples were taken from dense forest, sparse forest, eroded lands and dryland farming from different slops (0-15 and 15-30 percent) in Mokhtar Plain, west of Yasouj city. Soil samples were taken from the depth of 0–, 15 cm in a completely randomized design with five replications. Soil moisture and temperature regimes in the study area are xeric and thermic, respectively. Particle size distribution was determined by the hydrometer method and soil organic matter, CaCO3 equivalent and bulk density were determined using standard procedures. Fe (Feo) were extracted by acid ammonium oxalate, using a single 4-h extraction at pH 3 in the dark. Total free iron (Fed) was extracted with the CBD method. The total Fe contents (Fet) in the soil samples were determined after extraction with 5 mol L-1 HNO3. Magnetic susceptibility of the soils was measured at low (0. 46 kHz,χ, lf) and high (4. 6 kHz,χ, hf) frequencies, respectively,using a Bartington MS2 dual-frequency sensor, with approximately 10 g of air-dry soil in polyethylene vials. The percentage of frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (χ, fd%) was calculated to study the size of magnetic crystals in soils and the abundance of pedogenic ferrimagnetic in SP-SSD (~0. 03 μ, m) boundary. Results and Discussion The results of this study showed that the land use and slope positions were among the important factors affecting the change of soil properties in this area. Land use change along with the reduction of organic matter reduced the stability of aggregates and increased land erosion. This process caused the loss of clay particles and magnetic minerals and affected many soil properties. Organic matter as an important indicator of soil quality, showed a decrease of about 3 times as a result of land use change from dense forest to eroded lands following by an increase in bulk density and a decrease in soil permeability and other soil quality indicators. Long-term afforestation and agricultural activities on sloping lands changed the soil texture from a class of silty loam in the forest to a lighter class of silty loam in agricultural use. Soil magnetic susceptibility, which is a function of soil magnetic particles was greatly affected by land use change and to a lesser extent by slope position. Due to the fact that magnetic susceptibility is influenced by factors such as soil texture, drainage class, erosion conditions, magnetic mineral contents, soil evolution conditions, land use changes from forest to other uses had significant effects (about 2 times) on χ, lf. Significant decrease in the amount of calcium carbonate in low slope positions was another reason for the increase in magnetic susceptibility in these positions. According to the measured values of χ, fd (ranged from 1. 9 to 7. 2%), the magnetic particles of the soils had low to moderate amounts of superparamagnetic (SP) particles, which indicates the combined effect of pedogenic superparamagnetic ultrafine particles and lithogenic (inherited) magnetic particles in χ, lf of the soils. The effect of slope on Fe forms (Feo, Fed and Fet) has been significant (p < 0. 01) in almost all land uses. Due to the relatively high correlation of χ, lf with some soil properties such as Fe forms, soil clay, the amount of diamagnetic compounds including calcium carbonate in the studied soils, it is possible to estimate the value of these soil properties using χ, lf, which is a quick and cost-effective approach. Overall, it seems that magnetic susceptibility could be applied successfully to estimate some soil properties in hilly regions of Zagros Mountains of southwestern Iran, especially for monitoring the consequences of land use changes. It should also be noted that any change in the use of the area should be defined in accordance with the potential of the land in the long term to prevent a reduction in soil quality.